Angling is a method of
fishing by means of an "angle" (
fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a
fishing line and the line is often attached to a
fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a
fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving and paying out the line. The hook itself can be dressed with
lures or
bait. A
bite indicator such as a
float is sometimes used.
Angling is a principal method of
sport fishing, but
commercial fisheries also use angling methods such as
longlining or
trolling.
Catch and release fishing is increasingly practiced by
recreational fishermen. In many parts of the world,
size limits apply to certain species, meaning
fish below and/or above a certain size must, by law, be released.
Introduction
The species of fish pursued by anglers vary with geography. Among the many species of
salt water fish that are caught for sport are
swordfish,
marlin,
tuna,
salmon and
halibut. In North America the most popular
fresh water sport species include
bass,
pike,
walleye,
muskellunge,
yellow perch,
trout,
salmon,
catfish,
crappie,
bluegill and
sunfish. In Europe a large number of anglers fish for species such as
carp,
pike,
tench,
rudd,
roach,
European perch and
barbel (especially in still water). Although some fish are sought for their value as
food, others are pursued for their fighting abilities or for the difficulty of pursuit.
Hooks
Main article:
Fishing hook
The use of the hook in angling is descended, historically, from what would today be called a "gorge." The word "gorge", in this context, comes from the French word meaning "throat." Gorges were used by ancient peoples to capture fish. A gorge was a long, thin piece of bone or stone attached by its midpoint to a thin line. The gorge would be fixed with a bait so that it would rest parallel to the lay of the line. When a fish would swallow the bait, a tug on the line would cause the gorge to orient itself at right angles to the line, thereby sticking in the fish's
gullet.
Baits
Main article:
Fishing bait
Which of the various techniques an angler may choose is dictated mainly by the target species and by its habitat. Angling can be separated into two main categories: using either artificial or natural baits.
Green Highlander, an artificial fly used for
salmon fishing.
Artificial baits
Many people prefer to fish solely with
lures, which are artificial baits designed to entice fish to strike. The artificial bait angler uses a man-made lure that may or may not represent prey. The lure may require a specialised presentation to impart an enticing action as, for example, in
fly fishing. A common way to fish a soft plastic worm is the
Texas Rig.
Natural baits
The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include
worms,
leeches,
minnows,
frogs,
salamanders, and
insects. Natural baits are effective due to the real texture, odour and colour of the bait presented.
The common earthworm is a universal bait for fresh water angling.
Grubs and
maggots are also excellent bait when trout fishing.
Grasshoppers,
bees and even
ants are also used as bait for
trout in their season, although many anglers believe that trout or salmon
roe is superior to any other bait. In lakes in southern climates such as
Florida,
USA, fish such as
bream will take bread bait. Bread bait is a small amount of bread, often moistened by saliva, balled up to a small size that is bite size to small fish.
Roe is an excellent bait for trout, salmon and many other fresh water fish.
Spreading disease
The capture, transportation and culture of
bait fish can spread damaging organisms between
ecosystems, endangering them. In 2007, several
American states, including
Michigan, enacted regulations designed to slow the spread of fish diseases, including
viral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish.
[1] Because of the risk of transmitting
Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease),
trout and
salmon should not be used as bait.
Anglers may increase the possibility of contamination by emptying bait buckets into fishing venues and collecting or using bait improperly. The transportation of fish from one location to another can break the law and cause the
introduction of fish alien to the ecosystem.
Laws and regulations
Laws and
regulations managing angling vary greatly, often regionally, within countries. These commonly include permits (licences), closed periods (seasons) where specific species are unavailable for harvest, restrictions on gear types, and
quotas.
Laws generally prohibit catching fish with hooks other than in the mouth (foul hooking, "
snagging" or "jagging"
[2]) or the use of nets other than as an aid in landing a captured fish. Some species, such as
bait fish, may be taken with nets, and a few for food. Sometimes, (non-sport) fish are considered of lesser value and it may be permissible to take them by methods like snagging, bow and arrow, or spear. None of these techniques fall under the definition of angling since they do not rely upon the use of a hook and line.
Fishing seasons
Fishing seasons are set by countries or localities to indicate what kinds of fish may be caught during
sport fishing (also known as angling) for a certain period of time. Fishing seasons are enforced to maintain ecological balance and to protect species of fish during their
spawning period during which they are easier to catch.
Slot limits
Slot limits are put in action to help protect certain fish in given area. They generally require anglers to release captured fish if they fall within a given size range, allowing anglers to keep only smaller or larger fish.
[3][4] Slot Limits vary from lake to lake depending on what local officials believe would produce the best outcome for managing fish populations.
Catch and release
Although most anglers keep their catch for consumption, catch and release fishing is increasingly practiced, especially by fly anglers. The general principle is that releasing fish allows them to survive, thus avoiding unintended depletion of the population. For species such as marlin and muskellunge but, also, among few bass anglers, there is a cultural
taboo against killing fish for food. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to certain species, meaning fish below a certain size must, by law, be released. It is generally believed that larger fish have a greater breeding potential. Some fisheries have a slot limit that allows the taking of smaller and larger fish, but requiring that intermediate sized fish be released. It is generally accepted that this management approach will help the fishery create a number of large, trophy-sized fish. In smaller fisheries that are heavily fished, catch and release is the only way to ensure that catchable fish will be available from year to year.
Removing the hook from a
Bonito
The practice of catch and release is criticised by some who consider it unethical to inflict pain upon a fish for purposes of sport. Some of those who object to releasing fish do not object to killing fish for food. Adherents of catch and release dispute this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if hooking were painful. Opponents of catch and release fishing would find it preferable to ban or to severely restrict angling. On the other hand, proponents state that catch-and-release is necessary for many fisheries to remain sustainable, is a practice that that generally has high survival rates, and consider the banning of angling as not reasonable or necessary.
[5]
In some jurisdictions, in the
Canadian province of
Manitoba, for example, catch and release is mandatory for some species such as
brook trout. Many of the jurisdictions which mandate the live release of sport fish also require the use of artificial lures and barbless hooks to minimise the chance of injury to fish. Mandatory catch and release also exists in the Republic of Ireland where it was introduced as a conservation measure to prevent the decline of Atlantic salmon stocks on some rivers.
[6] In Switzerland, catch and release fishing is considered inhumane and was banned in September 2008.
[7]
Barbless hooks, which can be created from a standard hook by removing the barb with pliers or can be bought, are sometimes resisted by anglers because they believe that increased escapement results. Barbless hooks reduce handling time, thereby increasing survival. Concentrating on keeping the line taut while fighting fish, using recurved point or "triple grip" style hooks on lures, and equipping lures that do not have them with split rings can significantly reduce escapement.
Capacity for pain
Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the
suffering of fish caused by angling. In light of recent research, some countries, like Germany, have banned specific types of fishing and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish.
[8]
Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses. For instance, in Tavolga’s experiments,
toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode.
[9] Additional tests conducted at both the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute, in which bee venom and acetic acid was injected into the lips of rainbow trout, resulted in fish rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks, which the researchers believe was an effort to relieve themselves of pain.
[10] One researcher argues about the definition of pain used in the studies.
[11]
In 2003, Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh performing research on rainbow trout concluded that fish exhibit behaviors often associated with pain, and the brains of fish fire neurons in the same way human brains do when experiencing pain.
[12][13] James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming critiqued the study, claiming it was flawed, mainly since it did not provide proof that fish possess "conscious awareness, particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours".
[14] Rose argues that since the fish brain is rather different from ours, fish are not conscious, whence reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes. Rose had published his own opinion a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain as they lack the appropriate
neocortex in the brain.
[15] However, animal behaviorist
Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because "different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions."
[13] The position that Rose takes also fails to address unresolved empirical and philosophical considerations concerning pain, as raised by principles of
epistemology[16],
solipsism,
existentialism, and comparative
ethology.
[17] Until such problems are far more fundamentally resolved, there are strong arguments for refraining from causing the appearance of pain or behaviour consistent with pain, insofar as such things might be reasonably avoidable.
[18]
Tournaments and derbies
Sometimes considered within the broad category of angling is where contestants compete for prizes based on the total length or weight of a fish, usually of a pre-determined species, caught within a specified time (fishing
tournaments). Such contests have evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, where professional anglers are supported by commercial endorsements. Professional anglers are not engaged in commercial fishing, even though they gain an economic reward. Similar competitive fishing exists at the amateur level with fishing derbies. In general, derbies are distinguished from tournaments; derbies normally require fish to be killed. Tournaments normally deduct points if fish can not be released alive.
[citation needed]
Motivation
A ten-year-long survey of US fishing club members, completed in 1997, indicated that motivations for recreational angling have shifted from relaxation, an outdoor experience and the experience of the catch, to the importance of family recreation. Anglers with higher family incomes fished more frequently and were less concerned about obtaining fish as food.
[19]
A German study indicated that satisfaction derived from angling was not dependent on the actual catch, but depended more on the angler’s expectations of the experience.
[20]
A 2006 study by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries tracked the motivations of anglers on the Red River. Included among the most often stated responses were the fun of catching fish, the experience, to catch a lot of fish or a very large fish, for challenge, adventure and more. Use as food was not investigated as a motivation for angling,
[21]
